CFITrainer.Net Podcast

The IAAI and CFITrainer.Net present these podcasts with a focus on issues relating to fire investigation. With expertise from around the world, the International Association of Arson Investigators produces these podcasts to bring more information and electronic media to fire investigators looking for training, education and general information about fire investigation. Topics include recent technologies, issues in the news, training opportunities, changes in laws and standards and any other topic that might be of interest to a fire investigator or industry professional affected by fire. Information is presented using a combination of original stories and interviews with scientists, leaders in fire investigation from the fire service and the law enforcement community.

ROD AMMON: Welcome to this edition of the IAAI’s CFITrainer.Net podcast. Today, we’re going to talk about something that some investigators might take for granted — their evidence collection tools — and why continued vigilance is critical to protecting the integrity of your samples that you collect at fire scenes.

In mid-March 2012, Analytical Forensic Associates tested three samples from a fire scene. Two of the three tested positive for a medium aromatic product. The third sample tested negative for ignitable liquid residues. Laurel Mason, Laboratory Director, noticed that the negative and positive samples were in different types of can. The two samples that tested positive for a medium aromatic product were contained in a half-gallon, gold-lined can that was provided by the investigating agency. The sample that was negative for ignitable liquid residue was contained in a one-gallon, gray-lined can that had been supplied by the laboratory. Curious, Ms. Mason looked back through previous cases submitted by the same agency and found two other cases earlier that year where samples were submitted in half-gallon, gold-lined cans. Ms. Mason contacted the agency and requested empty comparison cans that were half-gallon, gold-lined. These empty cans tested positive for a medium aromatic product. In 2015, Ray Kuk, a forensic chemist with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives Forensic Laboratory, noticed the same issue. A positive sample of a light-to-medium aromatic product classified as an ignitable liquid was obtained from an empty half-gallon, gold-lined evidence collection can.

The half-gallon cans in question were lined with a new “FDA Gold Epoxy” consisting of Valspar 6256054 epoxy coating or possibly other trade name products. The issue with the gold-lined cans underscores the critical importance of sending a sample can from EVERY batch of newly-acquired evidence storage cans to the laboratory for analysis so that they can be confirmed as negative for ignitable, liquid-classified compounds. Failure to do this may jeopardize the results of testing on substances collected in the cans. An opposing attorney may argue that the can was not eliminated as a potential source of ignitable liquids found in the sample.

This issue brings up a larger question of what fire investigators should be doing on a consistent basis to ensure the integrity of the samples they collect. Today, Laurel Mason, Laboratory Director for Analytical Forensic Associates, is with us on the podcast to discuss what steps need to be taken to ensure the integrity of samples you send for laboratory analysis. Laurel, welcome to the podcast.

LAUREL MASON: Thank you.

ROD AMMON: So give us a little more detail about what happened with the gold epoxy-lined evidence cans. How was the issue discovered?

LAUREL MASON: We had a case in early January of 2002. We had a one-half gallon, and they were gold-lined cans. In that case, there was only one sample submitted, they analyzed the evidence just like we would routinely, and found a medium aromatic product. The second case was about 120 cases later in – also in 2002, about a month later. Additionally, this was only one sample submitted, and it also had a medium aromatic product. The third case was in late March, and this was about 200 cases later, so there was a good bit of time in between it. In this case, there were three samples submitted, one regular one-gallon can, which was provided by our laboratory, and two one-half gallon cans. Both of the half-gallon cans contained the medium aromatic product.

At that point, a flag just kind of started to rise because we see medium aromatic products from time to time but not this frequently. I looked at the other two cases, and they were all from the same client, looked at those two cases, realized that we’re seeing it in the same type of sample container, and it was an unusual size because we don’t see it very often. I contacted the client, requested that he send us some cans, and he overnighted them to us. I asked him where he got it. It was an online supplier. We analyzed the cans and found a medium aromatic product in each one of them. At that point, we had to issue revisions to the report, the first two reports, and then the third report we just indicated that medium aromatic product that was detected in the debris sample could not be eliminated from the can as the source.

ROD AMMON: So how did the ATF get involved?

LAUREL MASON: I believe ATF had somebody that had or had someone who had submitted containers that were the half-gallon size, and they may have seen the same thing.

ROD AMMON: His name is Ray – it’s Kuk. I think it’s Kuk.

LAUREL MASON: Right, Kuk.

ROD AMMON: Kuk, okay. So, did you two work together or had you found this independently?

LAUREL MASON: No, we discovered this back in March of – well, actually, the first case was in January of 2012, so we knew about it about four years ago, and then I was contacted I guess late last year. The ATF had also seen this, too.

ROD AMMON: So what did you – what should somebody do? I mean as an investigator, what should he or she do if they have gold epoxy-lined cans to package evidence?

LAUREL MASON: Throw them away. Don’t use them, especially the one-half gallon size. As a forensic laboratory, one of the things that we’re hugely concerned about is the quality of the sample and the integrity of the sample. As part of our quality control, we send to our clients cans, evidence cans, for collection of evidence specifically because we know that those cans, when they leave here, are clean cans because we run – every single day in our laboratory, we run what’s called a system blank, and we actually run one of our cans through the analytical process. Every one of our cans have a lot number, so we can actually look at and make sure three years down the road when we go to testify, here is the blank that we had on this lot number of cans, and we can show that to the jury if need be to show that it is clean. I think it’s important if a laboratory doesn’t receive cans that they know are legitimately clean that they request immediately a comparison can or note in their report that this can was not supplied by the laboratory.

ROD AMMON: So what’s the recommendation from the IAAI on evidence cans going forward as described in the technical bulletin?

LAUREL MASON: That you should submit a comparison sample if you don’t know – or a comparison can if you don’t know the source of the can.

ROD AMMON: Okay.

LAUREL MASON: If it’s not a can that was checked by the laboratory or supplied by the laboratory, you should always submit a comparison can.

ROD AMMON: Okay, so let’s widen out a little bit and talk about the overall issue of containers that investigators use to package evidence. What should investigators be doing with these containers to make sure that they’re not a source of contamination whether it’s a can, a bag, envelope, something else?

LAUREL MASON: Most laboratories that supply cans to their clients package them in boxes, and those cans are usually packaged, sealed with the lid already on the can, usually four to the box or something, and when the investigator receives that, they should leave them packaged in the box until the time comes that they want to use them. Make sure that they remain sealed, that they just don’t open them up and throw them in the back of their truck. That’s the best way to make sure that you don’t have any contaminations – contamination issues.

ROD AMMON: Okay, so besides that, should they also be sending in a bag or an envelope for comparison as well just like they did a can?

LAUREL MASON: Well, we don’t recommend submitting samples in regular Ziploc bags or anything that is not specifically designed to maintain fire evidence. There are the Kapak bags, which are the nylon bags. Those bags are designed for fire debris samples. However, they’re usefulness is kind of questioned sometimes, too, because the integrity of the sample can be compromised if there’s a sharp object that’s used that is packaged in that, that Kapak bag, it can easily rip, so then you have a problem with contamination from that aspect. Investigators should not be using zipper lock bag, regular zipper lock bags or any other type of bag or collection device unless the laboratory runs a comparison. In fact, my recommendation to all my clients is if you want to put something in a Ziploc bag, it’s probably going to be negative because it’s going to be – you’re going to lose your ignitable liquids because they’re porous bags.

ROD AMMON: Makes sense. So what are some of the other common errors? We’ve worked with folks in the lab industry or the lab business for a while, and I hear a lot of different things, and some of them stayed the same, and some of them are new like the gold can issue. So what are some of the common errors that you’re seeing out there where you’d like to see some change, some things that would help improve the integrity of collected samples?

LAUREL MASON: They’re very simple errors actually. Oftentimes, we get sample containers in here where the v-lock rim is not cleaned out. If you go to put your evidence inside the can and some of the debris gets in the v-lock of the can and you go to put your lid on it, it’s not going to seal properly. So simply just cleaning out the v-lock area from debris.

Another problem that we see quite frequently is improperly packaged liquids. The one-gallon and the one quart-lined evidence containers are designed for solid debris. They’re not designed for liquids. Unfortunately during shipping, because there is – the vapor pressure of the liquid that may be contained within – if you put a liquid inside one of these cans, the vapor pressure can cause the lid to rupture during shipment. The proper type of packaging for liquids, ignitable liquids for comparison or whatever are small glass vials. You don’t ever want to put it in a gallon or a quart can. Another important factor, and this is really becoming critical today, is to make sure that you have some kind of seal on your can that’s a tamper-evident seal whether it’s regular evidence tape or some other type of tape so that when the laboratory receives that evidence, they know that it has not been opened from the time that you placed that tape on that lid, and that’s becoming critical in a lot of cases, trial cases.

ROD AMMON: Okay, what about cross-contamination?

LAUREL MASON: Cross-contamination can easily occur if you don’t clean your tools between sampling. What we recommend is that if you’re in an area where you’re taking ignitable liquids and you can obviously smell like gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, whatever, that you take your weakest sample first, and then you go to take your strongest sample. My recommendation is that you clean your tools in between sampling and you can – that can easily be done with any type of good detergent that are on the market nowadays.

ROD AMMON: Okay, so I didn’t hear you mention headspace. Are people getting better at that?

LAUREL MASON: They are getting better at that. They’re getting much better at that. I think that that is quite obvious that we need to have that headspace in order to recover any of the volatile components. We very rarely see anybody pack a can all the way full and try to fit that lid on it.

ROD AMMON: That’s great to know. I know that probably has something to do with the training and education that you and others at the IAAI have been working on for years. I know that 10 years ago when we were involved in producing things, that was one of the main issues. It was just how to use a can and how to get that evidence sealed up.

LAUREL MASON: Yes.

ROD AMMON: So what other issues would you like to cover that you would like to get as a message out to fire investigators related to the lab or to contamination or preserving samples?

LAUREL MASON: I think it’s important that you work closely; the investigators work closely with the laboratory, and use their cans. I mean we supply those cans for a reason, and that is so that we can have the confidence that when we send them to you, they’re in good shape, good condition. They’re clean. We have the data to show that. If we get something that let’s say we have – like in this case where we had a medium aromatic product, we had no record of any type of background on this can, and it was just happenstance that I thought this is really getting kind of odd. This is three times in the last four months that we found a medium aromatic product, and it’s the same client, and once we – like I say, once we looked at the evidence containers, it was quite clear as to what was going on. I think it’s important to remember that nowadays in our litigious society that it is essential, essential that you tape-seal those cans because courts are not allowing them to be introduced as evidence because the chemist cannot testify as to the integrity of the sample.

ROD AMMON: Yeah, it needs to be maintained to chain of custody and okay. How about time?

LAUREL MASON: What do you mean?

ROD AMMON: Well, how often do you usually get your samples in a timely fashion? Does that affect what happens to your testing?

LAUREL MASON: Oh absolutely it does. One of the things that we’re seeing a lot more of now is the adjuster, and it’s usually the insurance adjuster wants to hold onto the evidence. They don’t want it analyzed right away. I guess they’re going through their process of adjusting the claim, and six, eight, 10 months goes by, and then they want to analyze the sample. Well, these cans are not 100% leak proof. It will evaporate to some degree, and not only that, the cans will start to oxidize on the outside, and you lose the integrity of the can that way, but what we’re seeing is yeah, a lot of people are starting to hold onto the evidence and just wait and have it analyzed. We’re seeing the same thing in vegetable oil on fat analysis, and with those types of samples, the longer it takes, the more degradation that goes on, and it’s not just – you’re not losing volatile components, but you’re losing the actual components that are the reactants in spontaneous heating cases.

ROD AMMON: So in some cases, somebody who might be holding onto evidence to – I don’t know, I’m guessing – to save time and money, might be hurting their own case.

LAUREL MASON: They’re absolutely hurting their own case.

ROD AMMON: Where can fire investigators go to try to stay up to date on these kind of technical issues?

LAUREL MASON: They can call their laboratories, and they can talk to their scientists, and they can listen to the podcast. They can go for training and education at the international level as well as some of the state classes that the state chapters are putting on. I know next month we’re having a state seminar, and two of my scientists are presenting to the membership or to the attendees evidence collection and preservation.

ROD AMMON: Okay, I really appreciate your time, Laurel.

LAUREL MASON: Thank you.

ROD AMMON: We will look forward to seeing you at ITC I think this spring.

LAUREL MASON: Yeah, in May – March.

ROD AMMON: Okay.

LAUREL MASON: April.

ROD AMMON: I think it’s May. We better fix that on the news.

LAUREL MASON: Alrighty.

ROD AMMON: Now, for IAAI news. IAAI 2016 ITC Orlando is almost here, so it’s time to register and firm up your travel plans if you haven’t already done so. This training conference is the biggest one in the US for fire investigators and allied professionals. More than 80 hours of training are available in one place over five days from April 24-29, so this is a great opportunity to fulfill NFPA 1033’s requirements to maintain an up-to-date basic knowledge beyond the high school level of the 1.3.7 topic list. If you’re a new to the profession, there is a full 40-hour basic fire investigation course offered as well. There will be plenty of networking opportunities. Plus, Orlando has great opportunities for recreation, sightseeing, and dining when the day’s sessions are over. We’re looking forward to seeing you at ITC from April 24-29. For more information, you can go to iaaiitc.com.

That concludes this podcast. Stay safe. We’ll see you next time on CFITrainer.Net. For the IAAI and CFITrainer.Net, I’m Rod Ammon.

IAAI Technical Bulletin on Contamination of Evidence Cans Lined with "Gold Epoxy" coating.

IAAI Evidence Collection App

IAAI 2016 ITC Orlando

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December 2014 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - December '14 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month's podcast interviews Steve Avato from the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives explaining the process of elimination and how it is a critical part of the scientific method.
June 2014 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - June '14 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month's podcast interviews the 2014 Investigator of the Year.
April 2014 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - April '14 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month's podcast interviews with Don Robinson, Special Agent in Charge with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. Currently stationed at the National Center for Explosives Training and Research, located at the Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama.
January 2014 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - January '14 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month's podcast takes a look inside the process of revising NFPA 921 and NFPA 1033.
October 2013 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - October '13 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month's podcast focuses on the fire research work of Underwriters’ Laboratories, better known as UL.
February 2013 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - February '13 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month we have an interview with George Codding who returned from a recent trip to Saipan and gives us a closer look at the international activities of the International Association of Arson Investigators
Mid Year 2012 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - Mid Year '12 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This podcast features a mid-year update on the IAAI’s new initiatives and ways for you to get more involved with the organization.
September 2012 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - September '12 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month's podcast features an in-depth look at the recent live-burn fire experiments exercise conducted on Governor’s Island, New York by the New York City Fire Department, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Underwriters Laboratory, and the Trust for Governor’s Island.
August 2012 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - August '12 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This is a special edition of the CFITrainer.Net podcast previewing the ITC 2013. There’s a new name for the Annual Training Conference from the IAAI now called the International Training conference.
April 2012 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - April '12 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month's podcast features an interview with Chief Ernest Mitchell, Jr., the US Fire Administrator. Also we will discuss the upcoming ATC, Annual Training Conference, from the IAAI about to happen in Dover, Delaware.
March 2012 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - March '12 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month's podcast features an interview with ATF Special Agent Billy Malagassi out of the Tulsa, OK Field Office about investigating fires in clandestine drug labs. We also report on NIST’s findings in the Charleston Sofa Super Store fire and IAAI’s Evidence Collection Practicum.
December 2011 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - December '11 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month's podcast features one of the presenters from this year’s IAAI ATC and see how a single photo broke the Provo Tabernacle fire case.
October 2011 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - October '11 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month's podcast features an interview with Deborah Nietch, the new Executive Director of IAAI.
July 2011 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - July '11 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month's podcast features an interview with Tom Fee discussing details of investigating wildland fires.
June 2011 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - June '11 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month's podcast features a lot of exciting things that are happening at CFITrainer.Net
May 2011 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - May '11 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month highlights the IAAI ATC in Las Vegas and the third installment in the "It Could Happen to You" series.
ATC 2011 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - This podcast discusses the upcoming IAAI Annual Training Conference and National Arson Awareness Week.
April 2011 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - April '11 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This podcast announces the release of the program, The First Responder’s Role in Fire Investigation, which teaches first responders how to make critical observations and take important scene preservation actions at a fire scene.
March 2011 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - March '11 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month’s podcast features some of the instructors from the upcoming 2011 Annual Training Conference, to provide a preview of the courses they will be presenting.
February 2011 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - February '11 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month’s podcast features an update on fire grants and an interview with Steve Austin
January 2011 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - January '11 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month’s podcast features the release of the new edition of Fire Investigator: Principles and Practice to NFPA 921 and 1033, new flammability requirements from UL for pre-lit artificial Christmas trees and a growing fire problem in Dubai with factories turned into worker dormitories.
December 2010 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - December '10 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month’s podcast focuses on home candle fires, lightning punctures in gas piping, and respiratory diseases in the fire services.
November 2010 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - November '10 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month’s podcast features research findings for structural stability in engineered lumber by UL, the ban on antifreeze in residential sprinkler systems, and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s investigation of Jeep Grand Cherokee fuel tanks.
October 2010 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - October '10 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month’s podcast features high-profile fire cases, why people leave stovetop cooking unattended and how new sensors under development may improve fire research.
September 2010 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - September '10 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month’s podcast features how to use the ATF’s Bomb Arson Tracking System, IAAI Foundation grants, electrical fires and indoor marijuana cultivation.
August 2010 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - August '10 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month’s podcast focuses on social media as a fire investigation tool, a potential problem with modular home glued ceilings and research from Underwriters Laboratories on the effects of ventilation on structure fires.
July 2010 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - July '10 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month’s podcast is a roundtable on some of the latest research and technical activities that impact fire investigation, featuring Daniel Madrzykowski (moderator), Steven Kerber, and Dr. Fred Mowrer.
June 2010 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - June '10 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month’s podcast discusses career advancement, budget cuts and their impact on fire investigation, and the 2010-2016 ATF Strategic Plan.
ATC 2010 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - Follow-up and Interviews from Orlando. Learn about the conference, hear what attendees had to say.
May 2010 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - May '10 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. The second in our safety series called "It Could Happen To You." Our Long-Term Exposure roundtable is moderated by Robert Schaal.
April 2010 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - April '10 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. The first of our two-part safety series called "It Could Happen To You." Our roundtable is moderated by Robert Schaal.
March 2010 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - March '10 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month’s podcast features a conversation about legislative affairs affecting the fire service with Bill Webb, Executive Director of the Congressional Fire Services Research Institute.
February 2010 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - February '10 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month’s podcast features our interview with a commercial kitchen’s fire expert about what you need to know when you work a commercial kitchen fire.
January 2010 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - January '10 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month’s podcast features a look at preliminary research on corrosion caused by Chinese drywall, a new database focused on fires in historic buildings, a warning on blown-in insulation, and the launch of the new firearson.com web site.
December 2009 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - December '09 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month’s podcast features cooking fires, highlights of the International Code Council’s Annual Meeting on code requirements, including requiring residential sprinkler systems, and an easy way to keep up with recalls from the US Consumer Product Safety Commission.
November 2009 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - November '09 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month’s podcast features chimney fires, including recent news on surgical flash fires, a proposed national arsonist registry, lightning research and an innovation in personal protective equipment.
October 2009 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - October '09 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month’s podcast is devoted to Fire Prevention Week.
September 2009 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - September '09 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month’s podcast features the relationship between climate conditions and fire risk, new research on formulating fireproof walls and the latest in IAAI news.
August 2009 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - August '09 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month takes a look at the dangerous combination of summer heat and oily rags, the rise in vacant home fires, and preview research underway on Australia’s devastating "Black Saturday" brush fires.
July 2009 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - July '09 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month features a look at outdoor grill fires, a fatal fire at a homeless camp in Southern NJ, new NIST research on human behavior during building fires, and IAAI news.
June 2009 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - June '09 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month’s podcast features live reports from the 2009 IAAI Annual Training Conference held in May.
May 2009 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - May '09 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This podcast is dedicated to National Arson Awareness Week.
April 2009 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - April '09 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month’s podcast features the NFPA 921 chapter on marine fire investigations and the myth and reality of static electricity as a source of ignition.
March 2009 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - March '09 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month focuses on the rise of the hybrid vehicle and what its unique engineering means for the investigation of vehicle fires, the rash of devastating arson fires in Coatesville, Pennsylvania from December 2008 to February 2009, and news from IAAI.
January 2009 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - January '09 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month’s podcast focuses on the deepening financial crisis in the US and arson for profit fires, how going green may pose a fire hazard and see how rope lighting may be a source of ignition, and IAAI’s Expert Witness Courtroom Testimony course.
December 2008 CFITrainer.Net Podcast - December '08 IAAI & CFITrainer Fire Investigator Podcasts. This month’s podcast features Christmas tree fires, changes to critical fire investigation publications, the weak economy’s impact on home fires, wind’s effect on structure fires, and ATC 2009.