Welcome to the CFITrainer.net podcast. Today we’re going to focus on the rise of the hybrid vehicle and what its unique engineering means for the investigation of vehicle fires. Then we’ll focus on a story that’s been dominating the news in the northeast, the rash of devastating arson fires in Coatesville, Pennsylvania from December 2008 to February 2009. Then we’ll wrap up with the latest news from IAAI.

Going green has become a major trend in the United States. Making earth friendly purchasing and consumption choices is increasingly on the mind of consumers. Rising gas prices in 2008 severely pinched many Americans and made all of us think about whether our next car should be a hybrid. Hybrid vehicles are engineered differently than traditional internal combustion engine only cars, and accordingly, have different sources of possible fire ignition and pathways for fire spread. Hybrid vehicles combine an electric motor with an internal combustion engine. The vehicle can be powered by a number of sources, including a rechargeable energy storage system, gasoline or diesel fuel, hydrogen or liquefied natural gas.

For this story, we’re focusing on consumer hybrid electric petroleum vehicles. These vehicles commonly use an internal combustion engine and electric batteries to power electric motors. There are many types of drive trains that deliver this power, and the investigator should be aware of how the vehicle being investigated was engineered. In 2007, R.L. Polk & Company reported over 350,000 new hybrid vehicle registrations nationwide, a 38% increase over 2006. J.D. Power & Associates forecast that hybrids will account for 7% of the car market in 2015. Therefore, it’s increasingly likely that fire investigators will encounter vehicle fires involving hybrids.

To learn more about consumer hybrids and how they may affect investigations, let’s turn to Dr. R. Rhoads Stephenson, known by many of his friends, associates and peers as Rhoady. Rhoady, thanks for joining us today. Welcome, and let’s begin with a little bit about your background and then we’ll move to how consumer hybrid vehicles work.

R. RHOADS STEPHENSON: Oh goodness, okay. Well I spent 36 years at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and did all kinds of things there, and I headed up the technology program towards the end of my career. During the middle of that time, I spent three years at the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration as head of R&D. That was about 30 years ago, but that’s what got me in the car business. Back in the 70s I did a study for Ford looking at all the alternative power plants, all the different kinds of combustion engines like gas turbines and sterling engines and diesels and steam engines, but we also looked at hybrids and hydrogen cars and things like that back in the 70s and put out a report that I think is still pretty useful and pretty accurate. More recently, since I retired from JPL, I’ve been working with an organization called the Motor Vehicle Fire Research Institute, and we conducted about $4 million worth of research on automobile fires.

Okay, well, there are a variety of different kinds of hybrids. As you probably know, they’ve been around for about ten years. The first one was the Honda Insight in about 1997 and then the Prius came out around 1998. So they’ve been on the market a little over ten years. And even though they’ve been remarkably successful and popular and have had very few technical problems, these vehicles still only constitute about 2% of the new vehicle sales.

Now how they work. There probably aren’t two hybrids on the road that are exactly the same. They have a wide variety of parameters. The thing that they have in common is they have an energy storage device onboard, which allows the vehicle to be more fuel efficient. That is done by being able to provide additional power to accelerate the vehicle and to capture some of the breaking energy and put it back into this energy storage device. Almost always that energy storage device is a battery, and the size of the battery can vary widely. On the small end some of the hybrids merely have the capability of shutting off the engine when you stop at a stop light for a long period of time and then turn it on very rapidly when you step on the accelerator. So it’s seamless.

The next step up has a somewhat larger battery that can help with an acceleration run when you step on the gas, and it can also capture some of the breaking energy and put it back in the battery. That will get a bigger fuel economy improvement. And then as the batteries get even larger, you can do more and more work with the battery and less and less work with the internal combustion engine, and the goal of all this is to have the internal combustion engine work in its most efficient region and not have to work when it’s inefficient like idling or at low loads and things like that. So this is one of the strategies that the auto manufacturers are using to increase the fuel economy of vehicles.

INTERVIEWER: Rhoady, in terms of fire ignition sources, what makes hybrid vehicles different than what an investigator sees in a traditional vehicle?

R. RHOADS STEPHENSON: Okay, well all of the ignition sources of conventional vehicles are still there because we still have an internal combustion engine and gasoline onboard. Then in addition to that, we’re going to have high voltage electricity. So there might be some failure modes where you could have a short that would cause arcing and be a…ignition source. Although these systems are quite sophisticated and they have computer controls and they have double pole contactors on the cables to disconnect the battery in case of a short or other malfunction, but theoretically there could be issues where you’d have a high voltage short. Then, as I say, sometimes the battery itself, if it’s abused or overheated or attacked by fire might also be a source of fire. Some of the battery materials are flammable and maybe even some of the materials of the case of the battery could be flammable. So there are some additional ignition sources and there’s some additional materials that might be the first material ignited.

INTERVIEWER: Have you seen fire causes that are typically seen in hybrid vehicles?

R. RHOADS STEPHENSON: Well I personally am not aware of any fires in hybrid vehicles. I haven’t been looking for them either. So I assume there have been some, but I’m not aware of any. I mean, there’s two ways of looking at the fire as well. One is where the high voltage or the battery could be a new ignition source or even a first material ignited as the cause of the fire. Or the other is what is the response of the battery to a fire elsewhere in the vehicle that maybe starts from the internal combustion engine or anywhere else in the vehicle, but unrelated to the high voltage? So there’s both a cause and there’s a response to fire that could be different in a hybrid vehicle.

INTERVIEWER: What potential impacts does the design of hybrids have on fire spread and damage patterns?

R. RHOADS STEPHENSON: Well, to first order, I wouldn’t see a big change. I think these batteries tend to be either under the vehicle or behind the back seat or kind of under the trunk or something like that, and they’re kind of out of the way, and of course, if the fire starts in or around the battery then you would see a different fire pattern in a different part of the car where the fire originates. So yes, there could be some differences, but you still have an internal combustion engine on this vehicle and you still have gasoline and you still have all the flammable under hood fluids that a typical gasoline fueled vehicle would have, so it’s probably more likely than not that the fire is going to start more or less the same way as in a conventionally fueled vehicle.

Now there have been some publicity about battery fires, particularly with cell phones and laptop batteries and things like that, and people are going to ever more energetic batteries. Most of the hybrids today have what they call nickel/metal hydride batteries, which are better than lead acid that we’re used to, but the generation after nickel/metal hydride is lithium ion, and there’s a lot of different manufacturers that are developing and soon will be on the road with lithium ion batteries. They have more energy, therefore, they have more potential for having a chemical excursion that could result in heat release and/or fire. People are very conscious of this and they’re doing a lot of work to come up with designs of these batteries that will be safe from a fire point of view.

INTERVIEWER: Rhoady, what impact does hybrid vehicle design have on investigator safety?

R. RHOADS STEPHENSON: Yeah, that’s a very good issue and worth thinking about. The main issue that the investigator should be aware of is that you’ve got a high energy, high voltage battery pack onboard somewhere. It may have as much as 400 volts and it’s a direct current, and if you touch that you’re dead. So the other thing I would add, now these cars do have automatically controlled contactors which will disconnect the battery from the rest of the vehicle. I should mention that all of the high voltage cabling has orange colored insulation on it. So you never want to cut into or touch anything that’s orange. The battery pack is probably in some sort of a protected compartment, and I would suggest that you not go into that compartment by yourself. You probably ought to have a trained mechanic from the dealership of the automobile you’re dealing with before you start messing around inside that battery pack compartment because one misstep, one screwdriver or wrench that touches the wrong post and you may get a very serious shock and it would be fatal.

INTERVIEWER: So Rhoady, before we wrap up, where are other places that a fire investigator might look for information about hybrid vehicles and the upcoming issues around vehicles that affect them?

R. RHOADS STEPHENSON: Okay, well I developed a paper with Orrin West, from Ford Motor Company, about a little over, almost three years ago, and it was presented at the International Symposium on Fire Investigation, Science & Technology in June of 2006. The title of the paper is Fire Investigation for Hybrid and Hydrogen Fueled Vehicles. It’s available on our website, the website of the Motor Vehicle Fire Research Institute, which is www.mvfri.org. That’s Motor Vehicle Fire Research Institute, and you can download it there. This was suggested as an input into NFPA921, and I believe in the 2012 edition of NFPA921 there will be additional information on hybrid vehicles.

INTERVIEWER: Thanks, Rhoady, for the time you spent with us here at CFITrainer.net. Now, let’s turn our attention to the second story of our podcast, the string of arson fires in Coatesville, Pennsylvania beginning in early 2008 and intensifying over the last three months. Sixty-six fires have been set since January 2008, many of them on the back porches of residential homes. In December 2008, the first set of arrests were made, but the fires continued. Then on February 18th and 19th, 2009, two men were arrested separately and charged with some of the fires—19 year old Mark Gilliam and 19 year old Roger Barlow. But the Chester County Arson Task Force in charge of this case has cautioned that the investigation is not over. The monetary and psychological toll of these fires has devastated the small community of Coatesville with a population of 10,000. One fire destroyed 15 row houses, scores of families have been displaced, and countless citizens gripped with fear over whether they would be next.

With us today to talk about how the cooperative effort between the Coatesville Police Department, Chester County District Attorney’s Office, the Pennsylvania State Police, FBI and ATF to solve these arson crimes is John Hegeman from the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. John is a special agent with the ATF and the spokesman for the Chester County Arson Task Force. John, thanks for joining us. First, tell us about the origins of the task force. How did it get started?

JOHN HAGEMAN: Well Coatesville, Pennsylvania had experienced an inordinate number of arsons for a community its size. And even after they had a number of arrests, I think it was 14 of them in 2008, the fires still continued to be set. So ATF had contacted the Coatesville Police Department in mid to late January of this year and offered investigative and intelligence related resources. The Pennsylvania State Police contacted ATF and offered their resources and expressed a desire to start a task force. So four of the agencies came together and the FBI joined shortly thereafter, and almost immediately after its creation we had four arsons occur in one evening.

INTERVIEWER: What’s the management structure of a task force John? How does the information flow?

JOHN HAGEMAN: Well the management structure is that of a unified command. The incident command table within the command post is staffed by a senior official from each of the five agencies. So we had decisions concerning the administration of the task force as well as investigative strategy come from this unified command. This information is shared in a number of ways. Within the command post itself we have twice daily briefings with input from all the disciplines within the room. We also see information flow from bottom up and from top down, and the bottom up is that the investigator findings basically pass through the operations and the intelligence sections within the command post up to the incident commanders, and these incident commanders, with all of that information, steer the investigation in the direction of possible targets or suspects as well as procedures for going about the investigation.

INTERVIEWER: How are investigative tasks split between the partner agencies?

JOHN HAGEMAN: Well the workload is shared almost equally. Obviously, we’ve got some of the specialty disciplines, the CFI work that is done by the fire marshals from the state police and from the CFIs from ATF. But one of the things we’ve also noticed is that arson is actually investigated differently than some other crimes, and so some of the more experienced arson investigators that are part of this task force have shared the different, not just experiences, but also investigative techniques they’ve had with some of the other say agents from ATF or detectives from all the other agencies who may be more familiar with drug work than they are with arson work. So this cooperative effort has really helped as far as even splitting the tasks.

INTERVIEWER: What role has the community played in this task force work John?

JOHN HAGEMAN: One of the ways we actually looked at this is that it’s not just every resident that suffered a fire was a victim, really the entire city of Coatesville had been a victim because of the fear they had been living through. So as a result of that we really tried to encourage them to come forward with any type of suspicious activity to the task force or to police. We were always asking them to remove any kind of furniture or trash or any other type of materials from their porches because that’s where a lot of the fires were starting. And also motion sensors were distributed in town and assistance was given to them with installation and operation and that kind of thing. So the community, we were really trying to bring them in to help themselves, help us help them as well.

INTERVIEWER: What factors have enabled the task force to make arrests?

JOHN HAGEMAN: Well we have a case management database established, which is very good for charting the progress of all the leads. We note those that still are in need of completion, it’s good for review of what’s already been done for anybody who needs catch up as well as perhaps we may have missed something that’s gone unnoticed. A lot of the evidence collection being done by the CFIs at the scene is always crucial to these type of investigations. The communication tree that’s been established by phone and by text to keep people alert or notified of some of the most pertinent updates in the case as well as obviously the fires that are occurring. And in the incident command structure, this unified command, in that all agencies really have a stake in this, they’re all involved in the decision making, so there’s pride as well as expertise being shared.

INTERVIEWER: What can other communities learn from how this task force has operated?

JOHN HAGEMAN: One of the things that we’ve also done here was come up with a communication plan from the outset. We have used a single spokesperson for this, but that necessarily doesn’t have to be done, but it’s been the way that the information has been gathered and released. The communications people within Chester County have been excellent in that there is nobody making a release of information in that county from volunteer fire company, to paid/volunteer companies, to police departments. If it’s got anything to do with possibility of arsons related to this, all that information comes immediately to the coordinator of information release. We’ll decide whether that should go out or not, and then, we said we only went with one spokesman, but truly this task force has spoken with just one voice, which is so important that there was never any misinformation being released. We were able to take care of all of, any inconsistencies in the media that way, and the public was served better this way by getting the information quickly and correctly.

INTERVIEWER: John, thanks very much for joining us here at CFITrainer.net on our podcast, and as you are very well aware, we really appreciate the work you do.

And in a recent update to our story here on CFITrainer.net, this past week another arrest was made in Coatesville by the task force. Thirty-seven year old firefighter, Robert Tracey, was arrested for lighting two recent fires. Tracey was named Firefighter of the Year in 2004.

We’ll end our podcast today with news from IAAI. If you’re a member of the International Association of Arson Investigators, you will have the opportunity to vote in the election of a new Second Vice President and members of the Board of Directors. The voting will begin on Friday, April 17th, and runs through Tuesday, May 19th at noon. Go to the firearson.com website, members only section, to vote. That’s firearson.com, members only section, to vote. A number of IAAI chapters are holding their annual training events. For locations and information, go to the IAAI training calendar also on www.firearson.com.

That’s all for this CFITrainer.net podcast. We’ll see you next month.